In addition, a GWAS of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patients and asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers identified HLA-DRB1*15:01 (reported P = 1.06 × 10−5, OR = 0.59) and HLA-DQB1*06:02 (reported P = 1.78 × 10−6, OR = 0.43) as top protective alleles (Penova et al. 2021). Here, HLA-DQB1 is linked to tropical spastic paraparesis.