IL1B and inflammatory response: In intestinal macrophages, NF-κB stimulates transcription of the pro-inflammatory cytokines such TNF-α and IL-1β, which are crucial for initiating and sustaining intestinal inflammation in individuals with active UC, moreover, they have a direct role in mediating mucosal tissue injury by, primarily, activating the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinases (Wang et al. 2018).