AR and hypospadias: In rats, AR antagonists such as flutamide, p,p’- DDE and CPA are known to be potent inhibitors of androgen dependent reproductive organs (Neri & Peets, 1975) resulting in reduced anogenital distance (Fussell et al., 2015; Pallares et al., 2014), hypospadias (Sinclair et al., 2017), atrophy of seminal vesicles (Pallares et al., 2014), nipple retention (Fussell et al., 2015), delayed onset of puberty and reduced ventral prostate weight in male rats (Kelce et al., 1995).