Similarly, trans-anethole (125–250 mg/kg, i.p. and orally, respectively) protected against the increase in the pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in BALF in the murine model of ALI (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) and in the COPD model (TNF-α and IL-6) (Kim, Lee & Seol, 2017; Kang et al., 2013). Here, TNF is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.