In addition, targeted oncogenic alterations were also associated with PD-L1 expression, and upregulated by activation of MAPK, PI3K-AKT-mTOR and JAK-STAT3 signaling pathways in NSCLC cells with altered KRAS, EGFR and ALK activating genes or PD-L1 expression (19, 101–106). This evidence concerns the gene CD274 and non-small cell lung carcinoma.