Conversely, the ICOS+Tfh cell subset exhibited significant differences across all three group comparisons (HCs vs. Secondary syphilis patients p = <0.0001, HCs vs. Latent syphilis patients p = 0.0035, Secondary syphilis patients vs. Latent syphilis patients p = <0.0001) (Figure 2B). The gene discussed is ICOS; the disease is syphilis.