Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is thought to be closely associated with early embryonic development and organogenesis, and adult homeostasis (Xu et al., 2018), TGF-β overexpression can lead to excessive metabolic disorders and dysfunction, promoting EMT and ECM deposition (Su et al., 2020; Lee and Massagué, 2022), leading to fibrosis and cancer development (Hao et al., 2019; Andugulapati et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2020). The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is cancer.