VIP and cranioectodermal dysplasia: We immunohistochemically determined the expression of VPAC1 in atherosclerotic plaques of the aortic arch of PACAP−/−/ApoE−/− and ApoE−/− mice after 30 weeks of SC and 20 weeks of CED (Figures 2A,E–H), because it has been shown that the VPAC1 agonist (Ala11,22,28)-VIP aggravated early atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic ApoE−/− mice (44).