HT: Hypertension, DM: Diabetes mellitus, CAD: Coronary artery disease, COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD: Chronic kidney disease, AF: Atrial fibrillation, EF: Ejection fraction, ACE inhibitor: Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB: Angiotensin receptor blocker, MRA: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, GFR: Glomerular filtration rate; Na: sodium, K: potassium, AST: Aspartate aminotransferase, ALT: Alanine aminotransferase, CRP: C-reactive protein, Hgb: Hemoglobin, WBC: White blood cell, Plt: Platelet count, SAG: Serum anion gap, ACAG: Albumin-corrected anion gap. The gene discussed is ACE; the disease is atrial fibrillation.