TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis: In NASH pathology, excessive fat accumulation in hepatocytes impairs mitochondrial oxidative capacity (Delli Bovi et al., 2021), and increased ROS production (Rolo et al., 2012) which in turn contributes to the activation of stellate cells and with upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6), apoptosis, and development of fibrosis (Delli Bovi et al., 2021; Zhou et al., 2022).