Indeed, CagA is suspected to increase cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) production in the vascular endothelium resulting in higher thromboxane (TXA2) and prostaglandins levels, both of which are known to modify platelet aggregation and contribute to atherosclerosis (Figure 3) (Byrne et al., 2003; Riad, 2021). This evidence concerns the gene PTGS1 and atherosclerosis.