The most highly upregulated proteins with advanced reproductive age included immunoglobulins, ECM proteins such as tenascin-C, tenascin-X, and TGFβ-induced protein, proteins that regulate metal homeostasis such as ferritin and ceruloplasmin, as well as tumor suppressors such as SDH enzyme and glycoprotein NMB (Figure 5C, 5D). This evidence concerns the gene GPNMB and neoplasm.