Long-term high-fat, high-sugar diets, obesity, and nutrient excess activated mTOR, which activated its downstream effector proteins, P70 ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p70S6K1) and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein 1 (4E-BP1). The gene discussed is MTOR; the disease is obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.