Next, we focused on the role of co-stimulatory molecules other than CD28, i.e. ICOS [30], CD137 (4-1BB) [31], and integrin CD11a [32] (Fig. S2) as contributors to the functional fitness of PD1+CD28− T cells in peripheral blood of NSCLC cancer patients. Here, CD28 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.