KissARN neurons co-express kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB), dynorphin, and glutamate, which all play a part in setting the pace of the LH pulse release.83, 84, 85, 86 Studies using prenatally androgenized (PNA) rodent models report an increase in Kiss75,87 and NKB87, 88, 89 signaling and expression while dynorphin actions may be attenuated in PCOS.90 This evidence concerns the gene KISS1 and polycystic ovary syndrome.