ADIPOQ and heart failure: While adiponectin seems to be inversely associated with cardiovascular risk factors, such as body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes, and abdominal fat accumulation, in contrast to other adipokines,4–6 its association with heart failure and associated cardiovascular diseases seems to be inconsistent.7–12 It is, therefore, unclear whether adiponectin is a causal risk factor for heart failure.