HMGB1 and liver cancer: Li et al. [14] found that as the DOX dose in liver cancer increased, the expression of extracellular HMGB1 gradually elevated, activating the AMPK/mTOR pathway and facilitating autophagy; however, autophagy regulated by HMGB1 may result in the inhibition of DOX-induced apoptosis and an increase in drug resistance [73].