TNF and neoplasm: Extracellular HMGB1 can induce M1-like polarization of TAMs in the tumor microenvironment of glioblastoma, activating the ERK1/2/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory pathway and promoting the release of various cytokines (e.g., IFN-γ, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8) [58].