ADAR and cancer: ADAR1 is ubiquitously expressed and is inducible by many viruses, including human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) [13], Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated virus (KSHV) [14], reoviruses [15], etc. In mice, ADAR1 deficiency is embryonically lethal [16], and in humans, dysregulations of ADAR1 activity are associated with a number of diseases, including Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, an autoimmune disorder and interferonopathy [17]; bilateral striatal necrosis dystonia [18]; dyschromatosis symmetrica hereditaria, a skin pigmentation disorder [19]; and various cancers [20].