Regardless of that, in vitro infection of macrophages, isolated from adult or neonatal humans, has been shown to alter the immune response, characterized by the expression of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 [186,187], while the expression of IFN-γ and IL-12, a regulatory cytokine, was impaired [187]. This evidence concerns the gene IFNG and infection.