HMGB1 and Parkinson disease: Additionally, the study elucidated the molecular targets through which PUN exerts its beneficial effects in ameliorating PD progression induced by MnCl2 in SI rats, focusing on HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/ NF-ᴋB, NLRP3/Caspase-1, JAK-2/STAT-3, PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/CREB, AMPK/SIRT-1, Nrf2/HO-1, and PERK/CHOP/Bcl-2 cues.