PLAUR and cancer: Among common cancer pathways, these uPAR-mediated pathways, such as MAPK, JAK-STAT, PI3K-Akt, mTOR, focal adhesion, cell cycle, estrogen, VEGF, HIF-1 and apoptosis signaling pathways (Table 1), were known to govern cancer hallmarks, including angiogenesis, cell survival, cell proliferation, invasion and metastasis, suggesting that these cancer pathways not only interacted with uPAR signaling but also embedded druggable targets that could be modulated or affected by uPAR modulators.