CSF2 and pancreatic neoplasm: Based on preclinical studies suggesting a synergistic effect when combining anti-CTLA antibodies with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cell-based vaccines, a phase Ib study evaluated a combined treatment approach with ipilimumab with or without allogeneic pancreatic tumor cells transfected with a GM-CSF gene (GVAX) in patients with previously treated locally advanced or mPDAC [58].