RONS function as signaling molecules, recruiting and stimulating effector T lymphocyte differentiation and activating pathways of pro-inflammatory mediators and cytokines (e.g., tumor necrosis factor [TNF-α] IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-23, and IFN-γ), which have been extensively studied for their crucial role in regulating intestinal inflammation, modulating the immune response, recruiting inflammatory cells, and maintaining the chronic inflammation observed in IBD [41]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is inflammatory bowel disease.