TNF and Alzheimer disease: Lee et al. investigated the effect of SSHT on AD-like symptoms in TNF-ĸ/IFN-ĸ-activated human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and found that SSHT treatment increased the expression of heme oxygenase -1 (HO-1) and Nrf2 but decreased the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (I-CAM) and NF-ĸB [21].