Inhibition of the hippocampal HMGB1/TLR-4/RAGE signaling, the pro-inflammatory axis, and apoptosis alongside augmentation of the antioxidant defenses and autophagy can be regarded as beneficial effects by which dapagliflozin/hesperidin combination may combat LPS-triggered AD (Figure 16). Here, HMGB1 is linked to Alzheimer disease.