PGF and preeclampsia: Figure 2c shows that Pg OMV treatment induced a selective modulation of placental markers, with reduced expression of IL-8, IL-6, PlGF, and VEGF-a accompanied by increased expression of s-Flt-1 and MCP-1 (Figure 2c). On the basis that the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio has been approved as a diagnostic aid in conjunction with other clinical findings for preeclampsia and validated as a predictive test [32], the sFlt-1:PlGF ratio was calculated and it was found to be increased in four independent assays (Figure 2d).