In addition, hyperinsulinemia can upregulate hepatic transferrin receptor 1 (TFR1) via PI3K/AKT/mTOR/IRP2 pathway, causing iron overload damage in rat liver, resulting in iron death and reduced cell viability [51], and we found that whereas high insulin concentration leads to ferroptosis in PGCs, high insulin concentration also activates this signaling pathway, validating the results of previous experiments. Here, INS is linked to hyperinsulinism.