CCL5 and cancer: CCL5 also promotes angiogenesis, which is associated with an increase in vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression in cancer cells and vascular endothelial cells via the activation of C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 1 (CCR1) and C-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 5 (CCR5) [9,10,11].