TNF and infection: During inflammation or infection, specific neutrophil chemo-attractants (e.g., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), IL-17, leukotrienes, prostaglandins, complement component C5a [7], and bacteria products such as peptidoglycan and phenol-soluble modulins) are released from the inflamed tissue [9], driving mature neutrophil homing via postcapillary venules, in a fashioned process known as neutrophil recruitment [10].