MAPK8 and asthma: However, the situation is different with asthma exacerbation, whether bacteria including conditional pathogens from the lung microbiota or viruses infected after the onset of asthma can significantly promote IFNs and other pro-inflammatory cytokines, which upregulate the expression of the non-canonical caspase-11 inflammasome through the activation of STAT1 parallel to the ROS-JNK pathway directly triggered by pathogens [22,23,98].