LEP and preeclampsia: For instance, Yajuan Wang et al. examined placental tissues from pregnant women with and without preeclampsia, demonstrating that leptin gene LEP is involved in the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, placental development, and angiogenesis; when analyzing the infiltration of immune cells in patients with PE, it showed an increase in the population of M1 and M2 macrophages, compared to patients with normal pregnancy [80].