TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Taken together, these data suggest that both systemic inflammatory and oxidative stress responses are elevated in obesity, which is in agreement with the increased systemic TNF-α levels in obese individuals (14.94 ± 2.49 pg/mL), compared with their lean (7.35 ± 1.43 pg/mL) and overweight (8.55 ± 2.53 pg/mL) counterparts (Supplementary Table S2).