One study analyzed multiple renal function parameters (namely, urea, creatinine, and cystatin C) in untreated versus treated prostate cancer patients versus healthy subjects, showing only increased cystatin C levels in hormonally-treated ADK patients compared to untreated ones, and significantly higher levels of serum urea and creatinine coupled with reduced cystatin C levels in prostate cancer patients (treated and untreated) compared to healthy subjects [20]. The gene discussed is CST3; the disease is prostate cancer.