This led to the downregulation of TGFβ-responsive genes, including vascular growth factor A/B (VEGFA/VEGFB), hypoxia-inducing factor 1α (HIF-1α), and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1), all of which play crucial roles in various aspects of cancer progression such as angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. Here, VEGFA is linked to cancer.