TLR9 and mesothelioma: We observed that the treatment of M2 macrophages with the extracellular DNA of karonudib-exposed mesothelioma cells activated the macrophage NFkB pathway by inducing p-ikBa phosphorylation (Figure 1D) and subsequent p65 activation (Figure 1D) and this effect was TLR9-mediated (Figure 1D).