PTENP1 and cancer: Interestingly, the PTENP1-S transcript is capable of functioning as a tumour suppressor independently of its PTEN regulatory effects and has been shown to have a growth suppressive role in numerous cancers including prostate [17], gastric carcinomas [116], clear cell renal carcinomas [105], gliomas [153], hepatocellular carcinoma [108], bladder [111,112,154], breast [109,110,155], cervical [115], melanoma [156], and colon cancer [17].