TNF and fatty liver disease: This process triggers inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver by, among other pathways, increasing the level of circulating TNF-α (Tumor Necrosing Factor alpha), IL(interleukin)-1, and IL-6, thereby promoting the development of hepatic steatosis and progression of MAFLD [150,151] The involvement of the microbiota in the development of MAFLD has led to the concept of using probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics (a combination of probiotics and prebiotics) in the treatment of MAFLD.