TNF and Parkinson disease: Nilotinib can also suppress microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory processes, thereby acting neuroprotectively against dopaminergic neuronal loss in PD models by decreasing the generation of pro-inflammatory factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-6 [52].