Accumulating preclinical and clinical evidence shows that several agents may provide beneficial effects on pwPD and cognitive impairment, including ceftriaxone, ambroxol, intranasal insulin, nilotinib, atomoxetine, blarcamesine, prasinezumab, istradefylline and Eugenia uniflora, among others, via several pathophysiological mechanisms. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Cognitive impairment.