The onset of T1D in children was characterized by the upregulation of GM-CSF, IL-1β, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-23, and IL-27, but not IL-6 or TNF-α; the presence of autoantibodies (anti-IA-2 and -ZnT8) influenced the blood cytokine levels [43]. Here, TNF is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.