TNF and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Patients with T1D as compared to subjects with NGT demonstrated significant increases in serum levels of IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-2Rα, IL-3, IL-6, IL-7, IL-12 p70, IL-16, IL-17A, LIF, M-CSF, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MCP-3, and TNF-α (Figure 2).