AKT1 and renal fibrosis: Although certain studies have provided insights into how stem cells orchestrate the regulation of distinct signaling pathways linked to renal fibrosis, including TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, MAPK/ERK, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), and TNF-α, our understanding of the in vivo mechanisms of action remains incomplete.