INS and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: The essential factors that contribute to NAFLD are (1) increased de novo lipogenesis (DNL) stimulated by glucose and insulin, leading to fatty acid synthesis; (2) impaired beta-oxidation due to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and lipotoxicity, leading to fatty acid accumulation; (3) enhanced lipid uptake from the circulation mediated by transporters and receptors, leading to fatty acid influx; and (4) reduced very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) secretion due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and insulin resistance, leading to fatty acid retention [24].