MTOR and glioblastoma: Numerous studies in cell lines and animal GBM models show potent anti-GBM effects of PI3K/Akt/mTOR and MAPK/JNK inhibitors, exerted mainly through proliferative suppression, apoptosis induction, autophagy impairment, or by restricting the tumor-initiating potential of GBM cells [9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16].