Aberrant TLR signaling has been observed in MDS patients, leading to the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), which contribute to the inflammatory microenvironment in the bone marrow [32]. The gene discussed is IL1B; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome.