INS and autoimmune disease: AIS should be considered in patients with autoimmune disease who present with postprandial hypoglycaemia, inappropriately high insulin, incompletely suppressed C-peptide levels, a high insulin/c-peptide molar ratio > 1, high insulin autoantibody titres (without previous exposure to insulin) and the presence of macroinsulin [43,44,45,46,47].