INS and hypertensive disorder: While many studies have found a correlation between high uric acid levels and atrial fibrillation, there is also a significant overlap between hyperuricaemia and other atrial fibrillation risk factors and comorbidities, such as hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes [25], and there is a potential interaction between uric acid and insulin resistance that could contribute to an elevation in arterial stiffness [26].