Moreover, serum concentrations of 25(OH)D had a negative correlation with hs-CRP levels (r= -0.24, p < 0.001), and the risk of developing GDM increased by higher levels of hs-CRP (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.09–1.80, p = 0.008) and TNF-α (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.07–1.41, p = 0.004) [25]. Here, TNF is linked to gestational diabetes.