SPINK1 and vibrio infectious disease: Although Vibrio cholerae non-O1/non-O139 strains even those carrying tcp and ctx do not cause cholera epidemic/pandemic, they have been implicated in vibrioses such as gastroenteritis, ear infections, septicemia, and cholera-like infections which are sometimes severe and fatal most especially in immunocompromised patients [8, 59, 62, 63].