A 2021 study on Japanese early-stage T2DM patients analyzed the hazard of UTIs associated with SGLT-2 inhibitors relative to metformin using both the intention-to-treat and per-protocol methods to account for potential effects from treatment changes (additions and discontinuations) and found that SGLT-2 inhibitors did not increase the UTI risks regardless of treatment changes during the follow-up6. This evidence concerns the gene SLC5A2 and bacterial urinary tract infection.