Similarly, in this study, the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were increased by the HFMRCD-induced NASH mouse model as well as by OA and PA-treated hepatocytes, while IL-6, TNF-α or TGF-β1 levels were downregulated (Fig. 5 and Supplementary Figs. 5–9). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis.