CCL2 and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: In short, whether it is potentiated by obesity and/or T2DM, inflammation is caused by changes in innate and adaptive immunity, high levels of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, MCP-1, and IL-6, elevation of prothrombotic factors, high viral entry, and decreased viral clearance [2,3,4,68].